Research in China on the subject of white-collar and corporate crime, as in most countries, has been sparse due to the lack of large and systematic data sources and a related general unwillingness to fund major studies [58]. As a result, the occurrence of such offenses often remains under a cloak of official secrecy for at least two reasons: First, governments do not like to broadcast an image of their country as riddled with upper-class law-breaking, and second, the very officials themselves may well be involved in illegal schemes and they do not desire to alert the public to wrongdoing in other high places. Corruption, a universal institutional phenomenon, is especially pervasive in developing and transitional societies [81, 88]. As a growing superpower and the most populous country in the world, according to some sources, China has experienced both unprecedented economic development and attendant rampant corruption at all levels.
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